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Legal
Know the legal requirements and documents needed for migration. This section explains essential legal documents such as passports and visas, how to get them, and how to maintain lawful residency in a new country.

Passport


What is a passport and why do I need one? 
A passport is an official document issued by a country’s government that verifies your legal identity and citizenship and allows you to travel internationally. Apart from having a passport, some countries may have additional travel requirements, depending on the reason for your travel and the country that issued your passport. 

Use our Visa Wizard to find out whether you need a tourist visit for the destinations you are considering.   

A passport:

  • Enables legal travel across borders to many countries.  
  • Enables you to apply for visas and residency permits. 
  • Ensures access to assistance from your embassy or consulate in case of emergencies. 

What happens if I don’t have a passport?  
Travelling without a passport is illegal in most countries, and you could be denied entry or detained by immigration authorities at the border. Be sure to have a valid passport when planning international trips and check the expiration date! Some countries require that your passport be valid for up to 6 months from the time of entry. 

Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and International Organization for Migration (IOM).

Visa


What is a visa and why do I need one?
 

A visa is an official authorization that allows you to enter, stay, or work in a foreign country for a specific period. It is usually stamped or attached to your passport, and the type of visa you need depends on the purpose of your visit. Visas are required for legal entry and stay in most countries. Depending on the type, a visa can allow you to work, study, or simply visit. Visas ensure that your stay in a foreign country is legal and protected. 
 

A visa:

  • Allows legal entry and stay in foreign countries where more than just your passport is required. 
  • Gives you the ability to work, study, or travel legally, depending on the type of visa you have. 

How do I get a visa?
 

You can apply for a visa at the embassy or consulate of the destination country. Some countries also use third-party visa application centres for administrative support or offer eVisas through their official immigration websites. In many cases, you can submit your application online, especially for tourist and short-term visas. Always check with the official embassy or consulate of your destination country for specific guidelines

Different types of visas exist, including tourist, business, student, and transit visas. Be sure to apply for the appropriate one. Also note that a visa application does not guarantee that a visa will be granted, and costs are not reimbursed. 

Check the specific requirements for your destination country before applying for a visa. Start your application process early to avoid delays and ensure all provided information and documents are accurate and truthful to prevent rejections. 

 

What happens if I don’t have a visa?
 

If you don't have a visa when one is required, you will be denied entry, deported, or fined. You also lose legal protection for work or residency and could face legal consequences. 

Discover the tourism visa requirements for your destination in our Visa Wizard > 
 

Visa agencies


Can I trust agencies offering to get me a visa?  

Before starting your visa process, you should confirm with the embassy or consulate of your destination country whether the process must be handled directly through them or if you can use local intermediary agencies. Also, ensure you understand any associated fees. Be aware of the risk of fraud and report any irregularities you encounter. 

If you ever suspect fraud during your visa application, seek help from local authorities, legal advisors, or organizations like the International Organization for Migration (IOM) to understand your options and take appropriate action. 

To avoid visa application scams, always be cautious when sharing personal information, especially online. Look for secure websites that begin with "HTTPS" and be wary of anyone offering fast-track visa appointments or immigration services in exchange for money. Scammers often impersonate official organizations, so double-check contact information and never share personal details like passwords or credit card information with unknown sources. 

Watch out for warning signs such as requests for advance payments to personal accounts, poorly formatted documents, or email addresses from free services like Gmail. If something seems too good to be true, it probably is. Always use official channels to verify job offers and visa information and avoid sharing sensitive details publicly on social media or through unverified platforms. Stay alert and protect yourself from fraud! (VSF Global)

Legal assistance


What’s the difference between a consulate and an embassy? 

According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), embassies and consulates serve different purposes when it comes to diplomatic missions. An embassy is the primary diplomatic representation of a country in the capital city of another nation, handling broader political and diplomatic affairs. In contrast, a consulate is a smaller office located in major cities outside the capital, primarily focusing on services for its citizens, such as issuing visas, handling legal matters, and offering assistance. 

 

Should I seek legal assistance before migrating? 
Legal help before migrating is crucial because it ensures you have the right documents and understand the laws of the country you're moving to. Without it, you could face issues like visa denials, fines, or deportation. Legal assistance also protects your rights, helps you avoid mistakes, and prepares you for any emergencies you might face, like job disputes or immigration problems. Planning ahead makes the whole process smoother and less stressful. 

 

How do I get legal assistance abroad? 
If you need legal help while living or travelling abroad, there are several options. First, contact the nearest embassy or consulate of your home country, as they can offer advice and connect you with local legal services. 
 

To seek help from your embassy or consulate abroad, you should:  

  • Contact them directly: Look up the embassy or consulate’s address, call their phone number, or send an email explaining the assistance you need. Be ready to visit them in person if required. 
  • Prepare your documents: Have relevant documents ready, such as your passport, proof of identity, and any documents related to the issue at hand. 
  • Follow their advice: Embassy and consulate staff will provide instructions on the next steps, such as filling out forms or attending meetings. 

Many international organizations, such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), or United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various NGOs such as Avocats sans Frontières, Terre d'Asile, The Red Cross, Terre des Hommes, Lawyers Without Borders offer legal assistance or can guide you to the right resources. 

Additionally, many countries have legal aid societies or pro bono legal services that may assist foreigners in need. Some universities even offer legal clinics where law students, under supervision, provide free advice. 

Depending on where you are and the type of legal issue you’re facing, you can also seek help from local organizations. Community organizations or diaspora groups from your home country can give you valuable guidance and help connect you with local legal experts. 

Residence permits


Why do I need a residence permit? 

A residence permit is an official document that allows you to live in a country for an extended period, beyond the duration typically allowed by a standard tourist or family visit visa. This permit often grants additional rights, such as the ability to work, study, or access certain social services in the host country. The specific terms and conditions of a residence permit vary by country and the type of permit issued. 
 
The process can be lengthy, costly, and doesn't guarantee approval, so preparation and understanding of all requirements are key to increasing your chances of success. 

Benefits of a residence permit: 

  • Legal permission to stay long-term in a country. 
  • Access to local services such as healthcare and education. 
  • Ability to work, study, or start a business legally. 
  • Pathway to permanent residency or citizenship. 
  • Freedom to travel within the country without visa concerns. 

What’s the difference between a residence permit and a visa? 

The key difference between a visa and a residence permit according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) lies in their purpose and duration. 
 
A visa is typically a temporary authorization that allows you to enter, stay in, or transit through a country for a specific purpose (like tourism, study, or work) and for a limited time. It is issued before entering the country and generally expires after a short period. 
 
A residence permit, on the other hand, allows you to live in a country for an extended period, often with the possibility of renewal. It may grant broader rights such as working or accessing social services in the host country, depending on the type of permit. Residence permits are usually obtained after you enter the country and may require certain conditions to be met, such as securing employment or family reunification.  

Expiry of legal documents

Once your visa-free days are up or your visa expires, travelling to other countries can be problematic. It’s important to check if there’s a grace period available, the possibility of an extension or the exact deadline by which you must leave the country. If your visa or residence permit is valid, you can continue to travel within the country, but you must always comply with the rules. Doing so can be a plus when applying for future visas or residence permits. Please note that a residence permit is not a travel document and is only valid within the issuing country.  

If you're planning to return directly to your home country, you shouldn't encounter any issues. However, if direct travel is not affordable and you're considering passing through other countries to reach your home country, bring your ID and be sure your passport is valid. Remember, many countries require your passport to be valid for at least six months. Check whether you can enter these countries on a tourist visa by consulting our Visa Wizard, or by contacting your nearest embassy or consulate. 

For personalized advice, visit your embassy or consulate, or consult local organizations specializing in migration, like IOM. 

legal
Economy
Understanding the basics of the economy in your destination country is vital. This section covers jobs, upskilling, sending money home, and starting a business.

Money


What is a currency exchange rate? 

A currency exchange rate shows how much one country’s money is worth compared to another country’s money. This rate changes constantly, day and night. If you want to calculate the value of your money in a foreign currency, you can use a currency converter, like the one on Forbes, or simply search it on Google. For example, type "1000 [your currency] to USD" to see the current rate. However, keep in mind that this is just an estimate, as the rate can change and may vary depending on where you exchange your money. 

You can exchange money at airports but be aware that these places often charge higher rates. It’s a good idea to look for an exchange point nearby, as they may offer better deals. If you can’t find any, you can also withdraw money from an ATM, but this usually comes with a fee, which varies depending on your bank. Be sure to check your bank’s rates before withdrawing. 

 

Do I need to open a bank account to go abroad? 

If you're living or working abroad, it's advisable to open a local bank account in your host country.  It is not necessary if you are visiting. To open a bank account, you can visit a local bank branch or choose an international bank that operates in your home country and your destination. Some banks have global partnerships that make this easier. 

 
To open a bank account abroad, you’ll typically need a few key documents. First, your passport serves as the primary form of identification. You’ll also need proof of residence in the host country, such as a utility bill or rental agreement, to verify your address. Depending on your status, you may also need to provide an employment contract, student ID, or a visa to show the reason for your stay. 

 

Do I need a card or mobile banking? 

If you don’t have a bank account or prefer not to open one, consider using mobile money services or international money transfer apps to manage, send, or receive money directly from your phone. In some countries, mobile money services can be linked to international bank accounts, making it easier to transfer funds between them. 
 
If you're carrying large amounts of cash, be cautious. Keep it secure, avoid displaying it in public, and consider using a money belt or hidden pouch. Whenever possible, split the cash and store it in different safe locations. Be aware of local laws and customs regarding cash limits to avoid any legal issues. Digital payment methods or transfer services are generally safer for handling larger amounts. 

 

How do I send money back home? 

Sending money back home can involve various costs and regulations depending on the method you choose. Common options include using money transfer services like Western Union and MoneyGram. These services typically charge a fee based on the amount sent and the speed of the transfer. Some banks also offer international wire transfers, which might be more cost-effective for larger amounts but can take longer. It’s important to compare fees and exchange rates before choosing a service. Additionally, be aware of any regulations in your host country regarding the maximum amount you can send or receive. Back home, the recipient may need to present identification to collect the funds, and the transfer might be subject to local taxes or fees. 

Employment


Do I need a special permit to work abroad? 

Whether you need a special permit to work abroad depends on the country you plan to work in. Most countries require foreign nationals to obtain a work visa or permit to be legally employed. To work abroad, you should first research the specific visa and work permit requirements for your destination. Often, you’ll need to secure a job before applying for a work permit, and your employer may need to sponsor your application. It’s important to follow local regulations and understand the paperwork, fees, and timelines involved. Contacting the embassy of your destination country can provide valuable guidance and support. 

 

How can I boost my job search? 
Looking for a job can be tough, but using the right tools makes it easier. The first step is to create or update your CV. You can use free templates from sites like Canva or Europass to ensure your CV looks professional. Don’t forget to set up or update your LinkedIn profile to showcase your experience and connect with potential employers. 
 
For job searching, global websites like Indeed, Glassdoor, LinkedIn, and Monster let you filter offers based on location and industry. You can even set up job alerts to get offers sent to your email. Remember to research the job market and potential companies, contact trustful recruiters, build a new network, apply to different jobs, and prepare a cover letter for each application. 

 

How can I tell if a job is legitimate? 
To determine if a job is real, watch for key warning signs and verify essential details. 

  • Be cautious if the job offers an unusually high salary, especially if you didn’t apply directly or if the employer hires you without interviews or requiring relevant skills. 
  • Ensure the job has a clear, detailed description and a formal contract. 
  • Check if the employer’s website is professional and consistent with the job posting, including contact information and career details. 
  • Legitimate employers won’t require upfront payments or rush you into travel without full information. If in doubt, trust your instincts and research the company further.  

 

Can I work without a contract? 

If you're planning to work abroad, it’s essential to secure a work permit, have a formal employment contract, and understand your tax obligations to avoid legal issues and protect your rights. Working without proper documentation or a contract can lead to fines, deportation, and exploitation. 

Starting a business


How do I start a (small) business abroad? 

To start a small business abroad, you must comply with the host country’s regulations. This includes registering your business, obtaining the necessary permits, and fulfilling tax obligations according to local laws. Depending on the nature of your business, special permissions or licences may be required. In some regions, membership to Regional Economic Communities may offer benefits like reduced tariffs or simplified regulations.  It’s crucial to consult local authorities or legal experts to ensure full compliance with the country's business laws. 

 

Can I export to my home country? 
Yes, you can export goods to your home country, but you will need to follow the import procedures specific to your country and provide the required documentation. Typically, documents such as a commercial invoice, a certificate of origin, and an import declaration are necessary. Depending on the goods and the urgency of delivery, additional permits or authorisations may be required. Regulations can change, so it's important to stay informed. Using national postal services or international couriers can ensure that your necessary documents are securely sent to your home country. For more information, consult your country’s customs services. 

Upskilling


Why is upskilling important? 
As someone moving to a new country, upskilling can be essential depending on the industry and job market you're entering. Many countries have different professional standards, certifications, or technological advancements that may differ from your home country. Upskilling helps you adapt to new demands, remain competitive, and improve your chances of securing better job opportunities. Some professions may also require specific qualifications or licences that are recognised in the host country. 

 

How can I improve my skills? 

To start, you can explore international training programmes or skills development initiatives like: 

  • WorldSkills, which offers events and training opportunities for improving vocational skills. 
  • Programmes from the African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET), which help build the skills necessary for economic growth and employment in various sectors across Africa. 
  • The European Training Foundation (ETF), which supports skills development in Europe and neighbouring regions. 
  • ASEAN Skills Competition, which promotes skills development and vocational training across Southeast Asia. 

You can also begin upskilling with free online courses from platforms like Digital Skills Africa, Coursera, or Open University. These resources offer a wide range of courses that can help you develop the skills needed to stay competitive and achieve your professional goals abroad. You can also utilize available YouTube resources to learn basic digital skills without any cost. 
 
By taking advantage of these resources, you'll be better equipped to navigate the job market in other countries and make the most of opportunities in your field. 

 

Are certifications important? 
Certifications show employers you have the skills and knowledge needed for a job, making you stand out in a competitive market. They often lead to better pay and career growth since certified professionals are seen as more qualified and reliable. Certifications also help you stay updated and connected with others in your field. 

Economy
Education
Studying abroad is one of the main reasons why young people migrate. This section prepares and informs you. Learn about scholarships, study abroad programmes, and much more.

Enrolment


How do I find study opportunities abroad? 

Start by contacting your local schools and universities, as they may have partnerships with international institutions for exchange or twinning programmes. The Ministry of Higher Education or cultural centres in your country can also connect you with international study options. Additionally, networking with current or former international students is valuable for discovering opportunities. 

In addition to direct applications, consider exchange programmes, fellowships, and international agreements that facilitate study opportunities abroad. The African Union, for instance, promotes initiatives like the Pan-African University, which fosters academic exchange and research across Africa. 

Institutions like ENKO Education also support students in embracing their African roots while preparing for global opportunities. Exploring such resources can provide meaningful guidance and support on your educational journey. 

To apply, start by checking each institution’s application requirements. These are usually found on their websites. Prepare important documents like transcripts, recommendation letters, and language proficiency test scores, and ensure you submit everything before the deadlines. For reliable information on accredited institutions worldwide, consult the IAU WEHD portal, which provides details on higher education systems and recognised credentials. 

Costs and scholarships


What’s the cost of a bachelor’s or master's programme abroad? 

The cost of pursuing a Bachelor’s or master's programme abroad varies significantly depending on the region, country, and type of institution. Tertiary education, which includes universities and colleges, often comes at a lower cost at public institutions compared to private ones. Many public universities and colleges offer excellent education, and it’s important to consider more than just the price when making your decision. 

International students usually pay significantly higher tuition compared to domestic students but not everywhere! In countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark, international students often benefit from free or significantly reduced tuition fees at most public universities. These opportunities are generally available regardless of nationality, although some conditions, such as proficiency in the local language, may apply. Studies such as the Cost of International Education made by the International Schools Database, or the Average Cost of College By Country made by the Education Data Initiative may give you an idea of the costs. 

It's important to note that tuition fees and other education-related costs can vary over time and depend on the specific institution. Prices may fluctuate due to inflation, changes in government policies, or institutional decisions. Therefore, verify the most current fees directly from the university or relevant authorities. Additionally, when comparing costs between different countries or institutions, use the same currency to ensure an accurate comparison. Currency exchange rates can significantly impact the perceived cost of education. 

 

Where can I find scholarships abroad? 
For scholarship opportunities in Africa, there are several options. The African Union offers scholarships such as the Kwame Nkrumah Scientific Awards for postgraduate studies and research in science and technology, as well as other scholarships for African students. The MasterCard Foundation Scholars Programme provides scholarships for students from Africa to study at partner universities across the continent. Additionally, the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) Scholarship and the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Scholarship Programme support students from developing countries. 

You may also consider fully funded Fulbright Foreign Student Program in the USA, Chevening Scholarship in the UK, Australia Awards in Australia, Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship in Switzerland, DAAD scholarship in Germany and many more for pursuing your studies abroad. Another notable programme is the Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility (ICM) Scholarship which provides funding for students from partner countries to study at European universities. 

Language


Do I need to speak the local language to enrol at a foreign university? 

To enrol in a university abroad, mastering the local language is not always necessary, but it is important to be fluent in the language of the chosen programme. Many institutions offer courses in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish or other widely spoken languages, in addition to the local language. While you can focus on learning just the language used in your studies, having some knowledge of the local language can greatly enhance your integration and understanding of the local culture. 

Universities usually require proof of language proficiency to ensure you can effectively participate in courses and activities. The level of proficiency required varies, depending on the country and the language of instruction. For instance, English-speaking countries and Northern European countries might have stricter language requirements for English programmes compared to countries where English is less dominant. 

You may be required to pass an internationally recognised language exam, such as: 

  • Arabic: Arabic Language Proficiency Test (ALPT). 
  • Chinese: Test of Standard Chinese Language proficiency for non-native speakers, The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi HSK.  
  • English: TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication), TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), TOEFL IBT, IELTS (International English Language Testing System), Cambridge ESOL Certificate in English Examinations, Cambridge ESOL Certificate in English Examinations. 
  • French: TEF (Test d’évaluation de français), TCF (Test de connaissance du français), Diplôme d’Études en Langue Française (DELF). 
  • Russian: Test of Russian as a Foreign Language Level one TORFL-1. 
  • Spanish: Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera (DELE), Servicio Internacional de Evaluación de la Lengua Española (SIELE). 
  • German: DSH, the TestDaF, and the Goethe Zertifikat exainatmions. 

Please note that, depending on the institution, proof of residence in a country where the language of your chosen programme is spoken may also be accepted as valid proof of language proficiency. Consult your institution to learn what conditions apply to you. 

What if I am not proficient in the required language? 

If you do not meet the language proficiency requirements, consider the following options: 

  1. Enroling in language courses offered by universities or language institutes to improve your proficiency before or during your studies. 
  2. Pursuing bridging programmes. Some universities offer bridging or preparatory programmes designed to enhance your language skills to the required level. 
  3. Online learning. Utilise free or paid online resources and courses from platforms like Coursera, edX, Duolingo, and Babbel to improve your language skills independently. 
  4. Participate in language exchange programmes where you can practice the language with native speakers while helping them learn your native language. 
  5. Explore if your academic or professional experience in a relevant language can be accepted as proof of proficiency by the institution. 

 Additional tips: 

  • Begin improving your language skills well in advance of application deadlines to ensure you meet the requirements in time. 
  • Consistent practice through reading, writing, speaking, and listening will enhance your language proficiency effectively. 
  • Join study groups or find language partners to practise and receive feedback on your language skills. 
Education
Living
Living in a new country involves understanding daily life. This section provides information on housing, speaking the language, cultural differences, driving, banking, and accessing public services and spaces.

Housing


How can I find affordable accommodation abroad? 

Rent is one of the largest expenses when moving abroad. To get an idea of the cost of living in your destination country, it's essential to do some thorough research. In addition, connecting with other expats through forums and communities, such as Facebook groups, can be extremely useful. Search groups on social media with keywords such as "Malians in [destination country]", “The Senegalese in [country of destination]”, “Mauritanians in [country of destination]” to find fellow nationals who can share their experiences and advice. 

When looking for accommodation, you should follow safety recommendations, such as checking the authenticity of the location or avoiding paying in advance unless you are using a certified and trustworthy platform. Scams are common, so always make sure you are dealing with legitimate landlords or letting agencies. 

 

How can I safely rent a place in a new country? 

To protect yourself and avoid any problems, keep these tips in mind when looking for a place to rent (IOM): 

  • Be cautious with amazing offers: If an ad seems too good to be true, it probably is. Be alert to potential scams. 
  • Visit the property in person: Always try to see the property in person before signing a rental contract. This is to confirm that it matches the description. 
  • Understand your rental contract: Don’t sign a contract you don’t fully understand or if you feel rushed. Take your time to read it carefully, and if you can, get advice from a trusted organisation, lawyer, or friend. 
  • Verify property ownership: If possible, check that the person renting out the property actually owns it. In some countries, you can verify this through official records, like a real estate cadastre. 
  • Get a signed contract before paying: Never pay rent or a deposit until you have a signed rental agreement. This is an important step in securing your rights as a tenant. 
  • Make payments safely: Always use bank transfers for rent, deposits, and other rental-related payments. If you pay in cash, ensure you get a receipt as proof. 
  • Seek help if needed: If you run into problems, contact local support organisations, a lawyer, or even the police. They can guide you through resolving issues safely. 

 

What should I know to rent property abroad? 

Renting property in a foreign country involves understanding and adhering to both general principles and specific local regulations. While each country has its own laws, here are some common rules and guidelines that typically apply: 

  1. Rental agreement: A formal contract outlining rights and obligations, including rent, payment terms, and lease conditions. 
  2. Property condition: Landlords must provide a habitable property with essential services. 
  3. Use of property: Tenants should use the property responsibly and report any issues promptly. 
  4. Repairs and maintenance: Minor repairs are usually the tenant's responsibility; major repairs are the landlord’s. 
  5. Modifications: Significant changes require the landlord's consent. 
  6. Rent and services: Rent must be paid as agreed; tenants may be entitled to a reduction if services are not provided. 
  7. Landlord entry: Conditions for landlord entry should be specified in the contract. 
  8. Quiet hours: Respect local quiet hours to avoid disturbances. 
  9. Pets: Discuss pet policies with the landlord beforehand.  

These guidelines provide a general framework, but it's crucial to familiarise yourself with the specific rental laws and customs of the country you are renting in. Always read your rental agreement carefully and seek legal advice if needed (IOM).

 

What should I do when I have a conflict with a landlord, housemates or neighbours? 

When facing conflicts with a landlord, housemates, or neighbours, you can consider different strategies to manage the situation effectively. Here are five common conflict management strategies (BetterHelp): 

  1. Avoiding: Sometimes, it’s best to step back and not engage immediately, especially if emotions are high. This approach may help you calm down before addressing the issue later, though it might not solve ongoing problems. 
  2. Accommodating: This involves prioritizing the other person’s perspective and finding a solution that meets their needs more than yours. While it can help ease tension, it may leave your own concerns unaddressed. 
  3. Compromising: This strategy involves both parties making concessions to reach a middle ground. It’s useful for maintaining relationships, though it may mean not getting everything you want. 
  4. Competing: When you stand firm on your position, even if it causes conflict. This can be useful when the issue is important, but it can also strain relationships if overused. 
  5. Collaborating: Here, you work together to find a win-win solution. It’s often the most effective approach for long-term resolutions, though it may take time and effort from both sides.  

Language


Why is it important to learn the native language of the country I’m visiting? 

Learning the native language of the country you're visiting can greatly enhance your experience. It helps you communicate with locals, understand cultural nuances, and navigate everyday situations like shopping, transportation, and emergency services. It can also make your travel more enjoyable and reduce misunderstandings. Also, knowing the local language shows respect for the country's culture and can help build better relationships with its people. 
 

How does the local language influence my travel plans? 
The language spoken in the country of destination can be a defining factor. Would you like to travel to a place where you can immediately communicate with locals, or do you see your travel abroad as an opportunity to learn a new language? 
 
If you're visiting a country where the language is different from your own, start by learning important phrases related to greetings, directions, and basic needs. Immersing yourself in media from that country, such as music, videos, or books, is also a great way to familiarize yourself with the language. Practise speaking with native speakers whenever possible to improve your fluency. 
 

What are the benefits of speaking the native language? 

  • Independence: Handle everyday tasks on your own. 
  • Jobs: Better job opportunities. 
  • Respect: Gain respect and understanding from locals. 
  • Self-sufficiency: Become self-sufficient faster. 
  • Empowerment: Feel empowered and involved in the community. 

 

Where can I learn languages for free? 
There are several online platforms where you can learn languages for free, including: 

  • Duolingo: Offers interactive lessons in a wide range of languages. 
  • Memrise: Helps with vocabulary and language immersion through videos of native speakers. 
  • BBC Languages: Offers basic courses and resources in various languages. 

 

How can I communicate with others if I don’t know the language? 
Use apps such us Google Translate or DeepL to translate everyday conversations with locals. Use their Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities to translate voice or images.

Culture

What is culture shock? 

When you migrate abroad, the first thing you may face is culture shock. Culture shock is a mixed feeling of anxiety, confusion, and stress due to the sudden exposure to a new culture. It happens due to the cultural differences in terms of norms, practices, and values in different countries. You may overcome this shock over time when you get used to the cultural diversity and become connected with likeminded friends and communities. 

What is cultural context? 

Cultural context is the social, historical, and environmental factors that influence the beliefs, behaviours, and practices of a group or individual within a society. It's important to understand cultural context because it can impact how people communicate, interpret, and respond to others. 

Why should I adapt to cultural differences? 

Understanding cultural and legal norms in your new country is crucial for a smooth migration experience, as it helps you navigate daily life, build relationships, and avoid misunderstandings. Understanding the cultural context allows you to communicate more effectively, respect local customs, and integrate more smoothly into your new community. It also shows respect for your new environment, which can open doors to opportunities and create a more positive experience overall. 

How do I prepare for a new culture? 

You can prepare for and immerse yourself in new cultures by connecting with people through cultural centres that facilitate both language learning and cultural exchange. For example, you could explore organisations and websites that list cultural institutions in your city dedicated to language learning and cultural exchange. Engaging with expatriate communities, attending cultural events, and participating in local activities can also help you adapt more quickly. 

What if certain local values or practices don’t align with my own? 

When moving to a new country, it’s important to be prepared to encounter different types of beliefs and practices. Here’s how to approach it: 

  • Respect and tolerance: Every country has different religious practices and cultural norms. Even if they don't align with your beliefs, it’s important to respect and be tolerant of these differences. Focus on shared values like justice, respect, and human rights. 
  • Adapting to diversity: You might encounter a society with more religious diversity or secularism than you're used to. The key is to find a balance where you can maintain your beliefs while respecting local customs. You don’t have to give up your own values, but both sides should be open to understanding each other. 
  • Dealing with disagreement: If you find yourself disagreeing with local rules or values, remember that adaptation doesn’t mean total acceptance. You can continue practising your values while respecting other people and the law. If conflicts arise, reaching out to local religious or community groups can help. Engaging in respectful dialogue is always the best approach when navigating cultural differences. 

Summarily, respect, understanding, and open conversations are essential when dealing with religious and cultural differences. 

Public Spaces and Services

What are considered public spaces abroad?  

Public spaces generally refer to areas that are open and accessible to everyone, such as parks and recreational areas, streets and sidewalks, public squares and plazas, and beaches or waterfronts. These spaces offer a place for leisure and community activities and can vary in terms of availability and accessibility depending on the country. 

 

How do I access and use public spaces?  

Accessing and using public spaces properly requires understanding local norms and regulations. To use public spaces correctly, here are some things to keep in mind: 

  • Cleanliness: Dispose trash properly and use recycling bins if available to avoid littering.  
  • Rules and regulations: Adhere to signs and guidelines, such as no-smoking areas, pet policies, and restricted zones to ensure everyone's safety and comfort. 
  • Noise levels: Keep conversations and music at a level that doesn’t disturb others, respecting the shared nature of these spaces. 
  • Space: Avoid invading personal space and use shared facilities considerately. Follow designated areas for specific activities. 
  • Etiquette: Practice common courtesy, such as waiting in line and not blocking pathways or not standing too close to others, to help everyone enjoy the space. 
  • Pets: If pets are allowed, ensure they are well-behaved, clean up after them, and respect pet-free zones. 
  • Facilities: Use benches, tables, and other amenities respectfully, leaving them in good condition for others. 
  • Avoid vandalism: Do not deface or damage property. This includes avoiding graffiti and other forms of vandalism. 
  • Safety: Report hazards or dangerous conditions to the relevant authorities and take precautions during risky activities. 
  • Inclusivity: Respect the diverse needs of others, including accessibility for people with disabilities and cultural differences. 

 

How can I find places for sports or other leisure activities for free? 

Many cities have free public spaces, but some facilities might require a fee or membership. Make use of free public spaces like parks, outdoor gyms, community centres, public libraries, and universities to find open areas for sports or leisure activities. 

Parks often offer organized activities such as nature walks and outdoor fitness classes, while community centres and public libraries frequently host various recreational programmes and events. 

Online resources like Meetup, Facebook, and Reddit, as well as local event calendars and community boards, can help you locate sports facilities and meet-up spots. 

Additionally, tourism websites, local newspapers, and cultural institutions or local associations provide information on public programmes and performances. Engaging with these spaces and resources is also a great way to connect with others and integrate into your new community. 

Driving


What is an International Driving Permit?

An International Driving Permit (IDP) is basically a translation of your regular driving licence from home. It proves that you’re allowed to drive in your country, and it helps people in other countries understand this. The card can only last for up to three years or until your regular driving card from home expires, whichever comes first. Once you arrive in a new country, you can use this special card for one year. You don't need to take a driving test to get an IDP because it's based on your original driving licence. Remember, the IDP is not valid for driving in the country where it was issued. It can only be used in foreign countries, and you must always show it along with your original driving licence (UNECE). 

 

Can I drive a car or motorbike with my driving licence? 

To drive a car or motorbike abroad, it's important to check the specific requirements for each country. In some cases, depending on bilateral agreements, you may be able to use your valid driving licence from home if it doesn't expire within six months. Some countries require a different licence for a car and a motorbike.  

 

Do I need special insurance to drive abroad? 

When driving abroad, it is crucial to consider travel insurance, which typically includes medical assistance coverage and reimbursements. Most countries require at least third-party liability insurance to cover damages or injuries you may cause to others, and depending on your destination, you might need to purchase local insurance, especially in regions where proof of coverage is mandatory. Be sure to check if your travel insurance includes or offers additional coverage for driving, such as car rental insurance or vehicle-specific coverage. 

 

Are driving rules the same in every country? 

No, driving rules are not the same in every country. If you're planning to drive abroad, you'll need to follow the specific rules of that country. Some places allow you to use your home country’s driving licence for a limited time, but others might require you to get an international driving permit. Be sure your licence is valid and bring other documents like insurance. Also, learn the local traffic lawqs, such as speed limits and road signs. Even the side of the road you drive on might be different! 

living
Health
Staying healthy is important at home and when abroad. This section covers where and how to get medical help when needed.

Medical care


Are there travel-related health risks?

Travelling, especially for long distances, can come with some health risks, so it's important to be prepared. Let's break it down: 

  • Long trips can be stressful. Your choice of transportation (whether by road, sea, or air), the duration of the journey, and the availability of healthcare facilities along the way all play a crucial role in determining the state of your health during the trip. If you're already dealing with a health condition, it could get worse during the journey.  
  • Even if you’re in good health, you can still get sick or injured. Everyone is at risk of catching infectious diseases like the flu, malaria, or tuberculosis while travelling (IOM).

 

What health-related questions should I consider before travelling? 

  • What health documentation do I need to bring with me? (i.e.: travel insurance, prescriptions, vaccination record) 
  • Do I have any chronic conditions that put me at a higher risk of needing medical care while I am away? If so, do I have insurance that will cover that care? 
  • Do I need any new vaccinations? If so, when should I get them? ̆  
  • If I am taking any medication regularly, can I get them in the destination country or should I bring enough with me to cover the duration of my stay? 
  • Do I need any other medications, like anti-malarial or anti-diarrheal medications, to help me stay healthy? 
  • Are there any unusual diseases or health threats I need to be concerned about? If so, how do I protect myself? ̆ 

These questions can be answered with the help of a doctor or other healthcare professionals in your home country. There may also be travel health clinics near you that specialise in helping individuals prepare for international trips. 

Do I need medical insurance? 

Even if you are young and healthy, when travelling abroad, having valid travel insurance is essential. Travel medical insurance can help you pay for emergency medical expenses that arise when you're on a trip. You may become ill or experience an injury and need to go to the hospital, and most domestic health insurance plans offer limited or no coverage outside your home country. 

In some countries, public medical care is free or cheap for nationals, but foreigners have to pay or rely on expensive private clinics and hospitals. Having insurance helps you be prepared for medical emergencies and avoid unexpected high costs. 

The insurance must be valid in your destination region, cover the entire duration of your stay, and offer comprehensive coverage, especially for medical emergencies. In most cases, you’ll have to present insurance when applying for a visa but even if your destination does not require a visa, we recommend you get medical insurance with international coverage for the intended period of your stay. 

What should I do if I need medical care abroad? 

Upon arrival, familiarise yourself with local emergency services and numbers, and always keep your insurance information easily accessible. Your insurance will likely include a list of hospitals that are recognised by your insurance provider. 

You may also familiarise yourself with free local medical facilities (if available) near your location in case you need initial assistance. Ask locals or other foreigners in your area what medical services they recommend and check reviews online. Be aware that you may need to pay for medical services upfront, with reimbursements from your insurer possible upon submission of hospital bills. 

When I'm sick abroad, can I visit any doctor or hospital? 

Yes! You can receive medical attention from local healthcare institutions in your destination country. Access to healthcare can be very different depending on your destination country. In some countries, it is free for all. In others, you need to pay upfront. In certain cases, your insurance may cover specific doctors and hospitals, allowing you to access care without out-of-pocket costs. Sometimes, waiting times for treatment can be very long and medical bills can run into thousands of dollars. 

A health problem is often unexpected. To avoid unpleasant surprises, you should always have insurance and identify the specific network of doctors or hospitals covered by your insurance before leaving. If necessary, seek institutions that offer interpreter services to help you communicate effectively with medical professionals. 

What ID do I need to show to get medical care abroad? 

When seeking medical care abroad, you should carry: 

  • Your passport, national identity card or regional biometric card. Ensure you have a valid identification document to establish your identity. 
  • Your health insurance card or any documents related to your travel insurance. This is crucial as it proves your coverage and helps avoid upfront payments for medical services. 

 

How much does a medical consultation or hospitalization abroad cost?  

The cost of seeing a doctor or going to a hospital abroad varies widely depending on the country and the type of healthcare system in place. In countries with universal healthcare, costs might be low or even free in public hospitals, especially if you have the right insurance, but waiting times might be long. In other countries, healthcare can be expensive, and without insurance, you may need to pay out of pocket. 

To avoid unexpected costs: 

  • Ensure you have comprehensive travel health insurance before leaving your country. This insurance should cover medical expenses, hospital stays, and emergency evacuations. 
  • Check the coverage details, including any exclusions or limitations, to understand what your insurance will pay for. 

If you don’t have insurance, be prepared for potentially high medical costs and confirm with the healthcare provider about payment methods and options. 

Vaccination requirements


Do I need to be vaccinated to travel abroad? 
Getting vaccinated before travelling protects you from serious diseases you might encounter during your trip. It also ensures you won’t bring vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) into the destination country, reducing the risk of outbreaks and making sure you stay healthy while you settle into your new environment. 

To cross borders, it is important to show proof of vaccination that meets international standards. Different countries may have specific vaccination requirements, so be sure to check the guidelines set by your destination, not only through their Ministry of Health but also through embassies or global health authorities like the World Health Organization (WHO) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 
In many places, vaccines for diseases such as yellow fever, COVID-19, or region-specific illnesses are mandatory for entry. If you are not vaccinated for required diseases, you may be denied entry to your destination country, placed in quarantine upon arrival, or face difficulties in accessing public services. Don’t forget to bring your immunisation or vaccination records with you, as these documents are essential while travelling abroad. 

 

What are the benefits of vaccines? 

Vaccines protect you from diseases like measles, polio, and COVID-19. They also prevent the spread of these diseases to others. Getting vaccinated before departure can reduce the number of vaccines you need once you arrive, making things smoother, especially for children enroling in school. If you have any symptoms or want to know the risks associated with a vaccine, consult your doctor. 

Mental health support


Why do I need mental health support? 
Everyone benefits from mental health support. Moving away from you comes with specific mental health challenges that can affect your well-being (for exa stress, uncertainty, and being away from loved ones). Having mental health support helps you cope with these difficulties, prevents problems like anxiety or depression from getting worse, and ensures you stay mentally strong to navigate your new environment. It also helps you adjust more easily to life in a new country, feel less isolated, and manage any traumatic experiences that may come along the way​. 

 

What's the link between mental health and migration?
Migration can have both positive and negative effects on mental health. While it can offer new opportunities and help some people improve their mental well-being, many migrants face increased risks of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These risks often come from stressors related to the journey, such as leaving behind family and friends, and adapting to a new culture​. 

Migrants may face risks such as exposure to violence or traumatic events, poor living conditions, separation from family, lack of social support, discrimination, and insecure housing or employment. These factors can contribute to mental health challenges during and after migration​. (WHO)

 

How can I protect my mental health when moving to a new place? 

  • Focus on establishing routines and connecting with others in your new community.
  • Create a comfortable environment in your new home.  
  • Engage in self-care activities. For example, exercise and healthy eating. 
  • Be kind to yourself. It takes time to adjust to being in a new place and you will likely feel a lot of different emotions initially. 
  • Stay in touch with the people you are close to who can offer support and remind you that you are not alone. 

Medication and prescriptions


Can I find all my medication from back home abroad?  

Most modern-day medications are produced internationally and can be found in many places. If you are taking medication:  

  • Consult your healthcare provider: Discuss with your healthcare provider about your medication and its availability in your destination country. They might provide alternatives or suggest a local equivalent.  
  • Know the generic names: You may also be able to search for the scientific (generic) name of your medication because it might be available under different brand names.  
  • Carry a prescription: Be sure to carry an original prescription and translate it into the official language of your destination, so doctors and pharmacists can approve and fill it.  
  • Know the controlled substances: You might not always be allowed to travel with all kinds of medications. Traditional medicines like plants, powders, and leaves may raise suspicions at customs since local authorities might not be familiar with them. Certain medications, like narcotics and other similar medications, may be subject to control depending on your destination country. This includes opioid substitution treatments (OST), specific painkillers, and medications prescribed for attention disorders, with or without hyperactivity.  
  • Check regulations: Before travelling, visit the website of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) or contact the embassy or Ministry of Health of your destination country for up-to-date regulations.  
Health
Safety
Staying safe during migration is essential. This section covers the risks of irregular migration, exploitation, and trafficking, along with tips to protect yourself and choose safe, legal routes.

Irregular migration


What is irregular migration? 

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) describes irregular migration as the movement of people move from one country to another without following the rules or having the right documents. This can happen in different ways. For example, someone might enter a country without going through the official border points, stay longer than their visa allows, or work without the required legal documents. 

 

Why should I seek safe and regular ways to migrate? 

It's important to find safe and regular ways to migrate to help you stay safe from the following risks: 

  • Dangerous routes: To avoid border control, irregular migration often involves travelling through risky routes. People might cross deserts, mountains, or oceans, facing harsh weather, lack of food and water, the risk of getting lost or even losing their lives. 
  • Trafficking and exploitation: Irregular migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Without legal status, they may be afraid to seek help from authorities, making them targets for smugglers, human traffickers, and bad employers who might force them to work in terrible conditions. 
  • Constant fear: Living without legal status can cause constant fear of being caught and deported. This stress makes it hard to access healthcare and education. Without proper documents, finding decent housing and jobs is difficult, leading to a lower quality of life. 

 

What if I migrate irregularly? 

If you are an irregular migrant, several things could happen depending on the laws of the country you are in. You might be detained by the authorities while they figure out your situation, you could be sent back to your home country or the country you came from, or you might also have to go through legal proceedings, which could result in fines or other penalties. 

In some cases, IOM can provide legal advice or help you return home safely. If you ever find yourself in an irregular migration situation, it's important to seek help from local authorities, legal advisors, or organizations like IOM to understand your options. 

Migrant smuggling


What is migrant smuggling?

Human smuggling involves facilitating the illegal entry of a person into a country of which he or she is not a citizen or permanent resident, usually for financial or material gain. A smuggler is a person who organizes this illegal entry and profits from it. You can be trafficked if you are helped to cross borders without the required documents in a dangerous or illegal manner and if the person helping you demands payment for this service.  

Smugglers often use a variety of deceptive tactics to lure and exploit migrants, including making false promises of safe passage, legal employment or quick and easy entry into the desired country. They may also use false documents, provide misleading information about the journey or downplay the dangers involved, such as the risk of being abandoned along the way or forced into dangerous situations. Smugglers may exploit vulnerable migrants by charging exorbitant sums or coercing them into illegal activities.   

If you are confronted with offers that seem too good to be true, or if you are being pressured to travel in a secret or risky way, be cautious and seek help from trusted authorities or organizations, such as IOM, to ensure your safety.   

Trafficking


What is human trafficking?  

Human trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of people through force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation can include forced labour, sexual exploitation, slavery, servitude, or even the removal of organs. Traffickers are individuals or groups who engage in these activities, often targeting vulnerable people by manipulating or coercing them into situations where they are exploited. 

 

How do I protect myself from being exploited? 

To protect yourself against exploitation, be aware of the tactics that traffickers use. These can include false promises of employment, education, or better living conditions. Traffickers might also pretend to offer help or shelter, only to later exploit their victims. Always be cautious of offers that seem too good to be true, especially if they involve travelling to unfamiliar places. Verify any job offers, educational opportunities, or travel arrangements through trusted sources.  

If you feel pressured or uncomfortable, seek help immediately from local authorities, community organizations or trusted institutions like IOM. Staying informed and vigilant is key in protecting yourself from traffickers. 

Exploitation

What does exploitation mean? 
Exploitation involves taking advantage of someone for personal gain, often through force, deception, or manipulation. This can include forcing someone to work without fair pay, engaging in illegal activities, or using them for sexual purposes or organ removal. Exploitation can happen to anyone. People may be deceived with promises of good jobs or better opportunities, only to find themselves in situations where they are controlled, unpaid, and unable to escape. 

What are the signs of labour and sexual exploitation?
Unfortunately, exploitation can take many forms, including sexual exploitation. Be aware of signs that someone might be trying to control you in these ways: (IOM): 

Fake and unrealistic promises during recruitment: 

  • Lies: Sometimes, people promise a job in one country but take you to another. Or they describe a job one way, but it ends up being something else entirely. 
  • Work conditions: They might say the job has fair hours and good living conditions, but you end up working too many hours or living in poor conditions. 
  • Pay issues: Some employers promise a salary but give very little or nothing at all. They may also make it hard to understand how much you’ll really be paid. 
  • Health deception: They might lie about health checks, saying you’re healthy when you’re not, or vice versa, which can put you in risky situations. 
  • Taking advantage of need: Single parents or those facing tough situations can be tricked into believing the job will solve their problems. Promises of marriage or help with children can also be traps. 

Using threats and violence: 

  • Threats against you and your family: Some people may threaten to harm you or your family if you don’t do what they say. 
  • Coercion: You may be made to do certain jobs, like begging or difficult physical work, against your will. 
  • Seizing documents: If they keep your passport or ID, they’re limiting your freedom. 
  • Debt bondage: If they claim you owe them money and need to work it off, this is a sign of exploitation. 

Tricks about job descriptions and contracts: 

  • Lies: Some might say you’re hired for one job but then force you into illegal activities or unsafe situations. 
  • False promises: Sometimes, people promise marriage or a safe place to live so they can control or trap you. 

Threats and control tactics: 

  • Isolation: They may keep you away from others or in an isolated place, which makes it harder to get help. 
  • Emotional manipulation: Sometimes people use kindness or emotional dependency to make you stay, even if they are controlling you. 
  • Threats of exposure: They may threaten to tell your family or community about your job, making it hard to leave. 

Using beliefs to control: Some may use cultural or religious beliefs, like promises of arranged marriages, to pressure you. 

 

How do I protect myself from people with bad intentions? 

  1. Stay informed: Understand the previously mentioned risks and signs of exploitation. Knowledge of recruitment techniques and the legal requirement for migration is crucial. 
  2. Be cautious with offers: Be wary of job, travel, or education offers that seem too good to be true. These can sometimes be traps set by traffickers. 
  3. Recognize high-risk situations: Be aware of situations that could make you vulnerable, such as giving up your phone and identify documents, or leaving your support network for a location where you will be isolated. 
  4. Seek help when in doubt: If you suspect that you or someone you know is at risk, contact the nearest police station or organizations that work on preventing human trafficking and exploitation. 
  5. Be vigilant on digital platforms: Don’t trust lucrative opportunities on social media platforms. Scammers may offer you gifts, rewards, or highly paid jobs to get your attention. They often demand money in exchange for these fake offers or trick you into sharing your personal or banking information. So, always be vigilant and keep your information private. Do not share it with anyone else. If you become the victim of any online fraudulence, report it to the nearest police station in the host country. 

What should I do if exploitation happens?   

If you find yourself or someone you know in an exploitative situation, seek help immediately. Contact local authorities, a trusted organization, or reach out to your embassy if you’re abroad. 

Additional tips: 

  • Do not hesitate to reach out for help. 
  • Keep trusted friends and family informed about your activities. 
  • Report suspicious activities to authorities promptly. 
  • Keep records of any communication or documents related to suspicious offers. This information can be useful to authorities during investigations. 
  • Familiarize yourself with your legal rights in your home country and any country you plan to visit or work in. Understand labour laws and regulations to recognize any violations. 
  • Participate in community programmes that raise awareness about exploitation and human trafficking and encourage open discussions within your community to educate others. 

Routes


What should I consider when choosing a mode of transportation? 

When travelling to another country, or even within your home country, it’s important to prioritize safety and consider your destination (explore destinations here), budget and other factors when choosing your mode of transportation. Here's a quick comparison: 

1. Air travel  

  • Cost: Air travel is generally more expensive, but prices vary according to destination and airline. 
  • Documentation: Requires a valid passport, visa (if required), and possibly, vaccination certificates. 
  • Time: The fastest option. For example, flying from Cairo (Egypt) to Cape Town (South Africa), which are at opposite ends of the continent, takes about 11 hours. A flight from Dakar (Senegal) to Mogadishu (Somalia) takes about 14 hours. In contrast, shorter trips between neighbouring countries, such as from Dakar to Ghana or Nigeria, typically take 2-3 hours.  
  • Safety: Air travel is the safest mode of transport, with fewer risks than land or sea travel. 
  • Tips: Book early for the best rates and ensure your travel documents, like passports and visas, are up to date. Arrive at the airport early, especially for international flights, and check airline policies on baggage to avoid extra fees.  

2. Land travel 

  • Cost: Often cheaper than flying. Costs include bus or vehicle tickets, fuel, and potentially accommodation. 
  • Time: Much longer, depending on distance and road conditions. For example, Dakar to Mali by bus can take 20-30 hours. 
  • Documentation: Requires a valid passport or an ID card. Within neighbouring countries, visas may not be needed, but you might face multiple border checks and need additional permits.  
  • Safety: Less safe due to potential road conditions, political instability, and banditry. 
  • Tips: Plan your route in advance and verify border requirements if crossing countries. Keep important documents like IDs and vehicle papers easily accessible and carry local currency for tolls or unexpected stops. 

3. Water travel 

  • Cost: Varies widely. Ferries or cargo ships can be cheaper than flying but more expensive than land travel for longer routes. 
  • Time: The slowest option, with journeys taking several days or weeks depending on the route and weather. 
  • Documentation: Like air travel, requires a passport, ID card and possibly a visa. Additional documents may be needed for international shipping routes. 
  • Safety: Riskier due to weather conditions, piracy in some areas, and the lengthy duration of the journey. 
  • Tips: Confirm visa and health requirements for international ferry travel. Pack essentials, including seasickness medication, and be aware of safety briefings on board. 

We encourage you to always opt for regular migration routes and be cautious of the dangers in irregular routes like desert or sea crossings. Prioritize safety and ensure you have the correct documents for a smooth journey. 

Safety